Pembangunan infrastruktur di Indonesia saat ini sedang berlangsung besar-besaran. Indonesia masih menyimpan aspal alam Asbuton yang terbesar di dunia.
Surabayastory.com – Aspal batu buton atau biasa disebut asbuton merupakan sumber daya alam lokal Indonesia. Asbuton sangat potensial. Ditemukan tahun 1924 di Pulau Buton, Sulawesi Tenggara, oleh geolog asal Belanda WH Hetzel. Asbuton mulai digunakan dalam pengaspalan jalan sejak tahun 1926. Dari data yang ada, asbuton memiliki deposit sekitar 677 juta ton atau setara dengan 170 juta ton aspal minyak. Asbuton merupakan deposit aspal alam terbesar di dunia. Ada dua jenis unsur utama dalam Asbuton, yaitu aspal (bitumen) dan mineral.
Saat ini, Asbuton memberikan tantangan tersendiri memanfaatkannya. Teknologi pemanfaatan Asbuton sudah cukup variatif dan handal, namun belum populer. Kajian terbaru Asbuton sudah melewati tahapan. Beberapa sudah dilakukan, mulai dari pemetaan, validasi dan karakterisasi seluruh deposit Asbuton; mengembangkan berbagai alternatif teknologi perkerasan jalan Asbuton yang kompetitif pada berbagai kelas jalan hingga tersedianya SPM yang aplikatif; zonasi (untuk penentuan zona sasaran) penerapan masing-masing teknologi perkerasan jalan Asbuton.
Sementara kajian yang masih perlu ditingkatkan adalah sosialisasi, pendampingan dan advis teknis setiap perkerasan jalan Asbuton sesuai prioritas berdasarkan zona sasaran dan penyempurnaan dan pengembangan berkelanjutan teknologi perkerasan jalan Asbuton.
Deposit Asbuton dalam jumlah besar dapat menjamin pasokan kebutuhan akan aspal. Ini adalah keunggulan utama yang tak ternilai harganya.
Kecenderungan tersebut terjadi karena Asbuton mengandung bahan aromatik dan resin yang tinggi, sehingga di dalam campuran Asbuton mempunyai daya lekat yang lebih tinggi (anti stripping) dan kelenturan yang tinggi (fatigue life tinggi).
Dengan kelebihan-kelebihan tersebut, penentu kebijakan memberikan pernyataan bahwa Asbuton cocok digunakan untuk lokasi temperatur tinggi (tropis) dan jalan dengan beban berat (heavy loaded highway).
Namun, dalam penerapan kebijakan penggunaan asbuton untuk peningkatan kualitas campuran beraspal untuk perkerasan harus ditunjang pengendalian mutu yang ketat. Hal ini disebabkan karena dari beberapa kasus diperoleh data bahwa pelaksana lapangan kurang memahami pengaruh penggunaan asbuton dalam campuran beraspal.
Deposit Asbuton
Diperkirakan total kandungan aspal alam di Pulau Buton tidak kurang dari 750 Juta Ton. Ini berarti 80% cadangan aspal alam di dunia terdapat di pulau ini, sisanya berada di Trinidad Tobago, Meksiko, dan Kanada.
Produk-produk Asbuton adalah:
- Sebagai produk alam, raw material Asbuton sangat bervariasi
- Perlu diolah terlebih dahulu agar diperoleh sifat yang homogen serta bentuknya memudahkan dalam penggunaannya.
- Saat ini baru deposit Asbuton Kabungka dan Lawele yang sudah dieksplorasi.
Dari Asbuton Kabungka dan Lawele, jenis-jenis Asbuton olahan yang sudah beredar dipasaran adalah:
Asbuton butir (BGA) Tipe 5/20
- Sesuai PERMEN No. 35/PRT/M/2006, Produk BGA dibagi menjadi beberapa tipe yaitu, Tipe 5/20, 15/20, 15/25, 20/25 dan 40/25. Namun yang efektif tersedia di pasaran adalah Tipe 5/20.
- Ukuran butir BGA adalah maksimum 1,18 mm.
- Fungsi utama Asbuton butir Tipe 5/20 pada umumnya adalah untuk memodifikasi aspal dan campuran sehingga memiliki kinerja yang lebih baik (lebih tahan deformasi).
- Teknologi campuran Asbuton yang dapat menggunakan BGA adalah Asbuton campuran panas, Asbuton campuran hangat, Asbuton campuran dingin aspal emulsi, Lasbutag dan latasbusir.
Asbuton butir (LGA) Tipe 50/30
- Asbuton butir LGA, belum tercakup dalam PERMEN No. 35/PRT/M/2006,
- Asbuton butir LGA (Lawele Granular Asphalt) diklasifikasikan sebagai asbuton butir tipe 50/30 dengan ukuran butir maksimum adalah 9,5 mm.
- Fungsi utama Asbuton butir Tipe 50/30 adalah sebagai substitusi aspal minyak.
- Teknologi campuran Asbuton yang dapat menggunakan Asbuton butir LGA adalah Campuran panas asbuton Lawele, LPMA, Butur seal, Campuran Panas Asbuton Hampar Dingin (CPHMA).
Asbuton semi ekstraksi (Pra-campur, Pelet)
- Asbuton semi ekstraksi adalah asbuton yang di ekstraksi sampai dengan kemurnian sekitar 60 % (merujuk pada TLA);
- Untuk kemudahan pelaksanaan, asbuton semi ekstraksi dicampur dengan aspal minyak 20 : 80 dan disebut Asbuton Pra-campur;
- Fungsi utama asbuton semi ekstraksi disini adalah memodifikasi aspal minyak agar memiliki kinerja yang lebih baik;
- Teknologi campuran Asbuton yang dapat menggunakan Asbuton semi ekstraksi adalah Asbuton campuran panas;
- Varian lain dari Asbuton semi ekstraksi adalah Asbuton Pelet.
Asbuton full ekstraksi (dalam tahap pabrikasi)
- Asbuton Full Ekstraksi adalah asbuton yang diekstraksi sampai kemurnian sekitar 99%;
- Saat ini Asbuton Full Ekstraksi belum beredar di pasaran karena masih dalam tahap pabrikasi dan efisiensi pemrosesan;
- Kemungkinan kendala adalah biaya produksi tinggi.
Untuk teknologi perkerasan jalan Asbuton ada beberapa yang bisa dilakukan, diantaranya adalah Asbuton campuran panas, campuran panas Asbuton butir, campuran panas Asbuton pra-campur, campuran Panas Asbuton Lawele, campuran panas Asbuton pellet, Asbuton campuran hangat, Asbuton campuran dingin aspal emulsi, lasbutag dan latasbusir, LPMA, butur seal, CPHMA, cape buton seal, Asbuton Gussasphalt, Sand Sheet Asbuton, Asbuton Crumb Rubber.
Saat ini teknologinya terus ditingkatkan dan diupayakan meningkat setiap tahunnya seiring dengan usaha-usaha perbaikan dalam teknik penggunaan asbuton. (*)
–sumber: InfoBalai V, yang saat ini berubah nama menjadi Balai VIII
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