Kata Mahabharata kalau diterjemahkan berarti cerita besar. Kata tersebut berasal dari Bahasa Sansekerta, maha yang artinya besar dan bharata yang bermakna cerita.
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Surabayastory.com – Mahabharata adalah sebuah karya sastra kuno yang konon ditulis oleh Begawan Byasa atau Vyasa dari India. Buku ini terdiri dari delapan belas kitab sehingga dinamakan Astadasaparwa (asta = 8, dasa = 10, parwa = kitab).
Namun, ada pula yang meyakini bahwa kisah ini sesungguhnya merupakan kumpulan dari banyak cerita yang semula terpencar-pencar, yang dikumpulkan semenjak abad ke-4 sebelum Masehi.
Secara singkat, Mahabharata menceritakan kisah konflik perebutan tahta atas Kerajaan Hastinapura antara para Pandawa Lima dengan saudara sepupu mereka: seratus Kurawa. Puncaknya adalah perang Bharatayuda di medan Kurusetra yang berlangsung selama delapan belas hari. Dalam perang itu semua anggota Dinasti Kuru selain Pandawa Lima dan beberapa orang lainnya, musnah.
Selain berisi cerita kepahlawanan (wiracarita), Mahabharata juga mengandung pengajaran nilai-nilai Agama Hindu, yang dituturkan oleh tokoh Kresna yang merupakan penjelmaan Dewa Wisnu. Diceritakan, Kresna walaupun tidak ikut mengangkat senjata, ia berada di pihak Pandawa dengan kesediaannya menjadi kusir Arjuna dalam perang. Ia ingin membawa kerajaan-kerajaan yang ada di wilayah Arya kembali ke rel yang benar setelah moralitasnya dirusak oleh para Kurawa.
Tak mengherankan kisah Mahabharata ini dianggap suci, teristimewa oleh pemeluk agama Hindu. Kisah yang semula ditulis dalam bahasa Sanskerta ini kemudian disalin dalam berbagai bahasa, terutama mengikuti perkembangan peradaban Hindu pada masa lampau di Asia, termasuk di Asia Tenggara.
Di Indonesia, salinan berbagai bagian dari Mahabharata, seperti Adiparwa, Wirataparwa, Bhismaparwa dan mungkin juga beberapa parwa yang lain, diketahui telah digubah dalam bentuk prosa bahasa Kawi (Jawa Kuno) semenjak akhir abad ke-10 Masehi. Yakni pada masa pemerintahan raja Dharmawangsa Teguh (991-1016 M) dari Kadiri. Karena sifatnya itu, bentuk prosa ini dikenal juga sebagai sastra parwa.
Yang lebih populer pada masa-masa kemudian adalah penggubahan cerita itu dalam bentuk kakawin, yakni puisi Jawa Kuno yang dilagukan. Salah satu yang terkenal ialah kakawin Arjunawiwaha (Arjunawiwāha, perkawinan Arjuna) gubahan mpu Kanwa. Karya yang diduga ditulis antara 1028-1035 M ini (Zoetmulder, 1984) dipersembahkan untuk raja Airlangga dari kerajaan Medang Kamulan, menantu raja Dharmawangsa.
Karya sastra lain yang juga terkenal adalah Kakawin Bharatayuddha, yang digubah oleh mpu Sedah dan belakangan diselesaikan oleh Mpu Panuluh (Panuluh). Kakawin ini dipersembahkan bagi Prabu Jayabhaya (1135-1157 M), ditulis pada sekitar akhir masa pemerintahan Raja Daha (Kediri) tersebut. Di luar itu, mpu Panuluh juga menulis kakawin Hariwangśa pada masa Jayabaya, dan diperkirakan pula menggubah Gaţotkacāśraya pada masa raja Kertajaya (1194-1222 M) dari Kediri.
Beberapa kakawin lain turunan Mahabharata yang juga penting untuk disebut, di antaranya adalah Kŗşņāyana (karya Mpu Triguna) dan Bhomāntaka (pengarang tak dikenal) keduanya dari zaman kerajaan Kediri, dan Pārthayajña (Mpu Tanakung) di akhir zaman Majapahit. Salinan naskah-naskah kuno yang tertulis dalam lembar-lembar daun lontar tersebut juga diketahui tersimpan di Bali.
Di samping itu, mahakarya sastra tersebut juga memberikan inspirasi bagi berbagai bentuk budaya dan seni yang lain, terutama di Jawa dan Bali, mulai dari seni patung dan seni ukir (relief) pada candi-candi, seni tari, seni lukis hingga seni pertunjukan seperti wayang kulit dan wayang orang. Di dalam masa yang lebih belakangan, kitab Bharatayuddha telah disalin pula oleh pujangga kraton Surakarta, Yasadipura ke dalam bahasa Jawa modern pada sekitar abad ke-18.
Dalam dunia sastera populer Indonesia, cerita Mahabharata juga disajikan melalui bentuk komik yang membuat cerita ini dikenal luas di kalangan awam. Salah satu yang terkenal adalah karya dari R.A. Kosasih.
Demikianlah pembaca, sedikit gambaran tentang cerita Mahabharata. Untuk cerita lebih lanjut dan lebih detil bisa membaca Novel Mahabharata yang ada di banyak buku cerita. Para pembaca dapat mengambil manfaat dari cerita ini dan terhibur. –drs
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